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when respectable people are the subject of this verb.
(*1) the speaker's side means the people who are near to the speaker. Generally, they are the member of the speaker's family and the intimate friends.
(*2) When other people give something to the listener, he/she is dealt with the speaker's side. "Ageru" is still valid in this case.
how to use "ageru" and "kureru"
Case 1a
(K):
(J): Watashi ga anata ni baggu 'o age-masu.
(E): I give you a bag.
Case 1b
(K):
(J): Watashi ga fianse ni baggu 'o age-mashita.
(E): I gave my fiance a bag.
Case 1c
(K):
(J): Watashi ga Ashurih' ni baggu 'o age-masen.
(E): I do not give Ashley a bag.
Case 2a
(K):
(J): Fianse ga watashi ni baggu 'o kure-masu.
(E): My fiance gives me a bag.
Case 2b
(K):
(J): Watashi no fianse ga anata ni baggu 'o age-mashita.
(E): My fiance gave you a bag.
Case 2c
(K):
(J): Watashi no fianse ga Ashurih' ni baggu 'o age-masen.
(E): My fiance does not give Ashley a bag.
Case 3a
(K):
(J): Anata ga watashi baggu 'o kure-masu.
(E): You give me a bag.
Case 3b
(K):
(J): Anata ga watashi no fianse ni baggu 'o kure-mashita.
(E): You gave my fiance a bag.
Case 3c
(K):
(J): Anata ga Ashurih' ni baggu 'o age-masen.
(E): You do not give Ashley a bag.
Case 4a
(K):
(J): Ashley ga watashi baggu 'o kure-masu.
(E): Ashley gives me a bag.
Case 4b
(K):
(J): Ashurih' ga watashi no fianse ni baggu 'o kure-mashita.
(E): Ashley gave my fiance a bag.
Case 4c
(K):
(J): Ashurih' ga anata ni baggu 'o age-masen.
(E): Ashley does not give you a bag.
Case 4d
(K):
(J): Ashurih' ga anata ni baggu 'o kure-masen.
(E): Ashley does not give you a bag.
Verbs, Adjectival Verbs, Auxiliary Verbs
Supplemental Verbs
Supplemental verbs are ordinary verbs themselves. They have dependent usages as well as independent usage. Their meanings are different between them. When
they are used as dependent verbs, they append aspects, wills and benefis to main verbs. They follow the present participle of verbs or verbal nouns.
the list of the supplemental verbs following the present participle of verbs
supplemental verb conjugation type verb as the independent verb as the supplemental
iru weak verbs to be to be doing, to have done
aru strong verbs to be to have been done
na-i adjectival verbs not to be not to have been done
aspects
shimau strong verbs to finish to end by doing
iku strong verbs to go to go on doing to future
kuru irregular verb K to come to go on doing till now
miru weak verbs to see to try doing
oku strong verbs to put to leave done
wills
yo-i / i-i adjectival verbs to be good may
hoshi-i adjectival verbs to want to want to do
yaru strong verbs to give to do for
ageru weak verbs to give to do for
benefits
kureru weak verbs to give to do for
morau strong verbs to receive to get to do
The aspects
how to use "iru"
Case 1a
(K):
(J): Joshua ga doa 'o peinto-shite i-masu.
(E): Joshua is painting the door.
Case 1b
(K):
(J): Joshua ga doa 'o peinto-shite i-mashita.
(E): Joshua was painting the door.
Case 1c
(K):
(J): Joshua ga doa 'o peinto-shite i-masu ka? Hai, shite i-masu. Iie, shite i-masen.
(E): Is Joshua painting the door? Yes, he is. No, he isn't.
Case 1d
(K):
(J): Joshua ga nani 'o peinto-shite i-mashita ka? Doa 'o peinto-shite i-mashita.
(E): What was Joshua painting the door? He was painting the door.
how to use "aru"
Case 1a
(K):
(J): Doa ga peinto-shite ari-masu.
(E): The door has been painted.
Case 1b
(K):
(J): Doa ga peinto-shite ari-mashita.
(E): The door had been painted.
Case 1c
(K):
(J): Doa ga peinto-shite ari-masu ka? Hai, shite ari-masu. Iie, shite ari-masen.
(E): Has the door been painted? Yes, it has. No, it hasn't.
Case 1d
(K):
(J): Nani ga peinto-shite ari-mashita ka? Doa ga peinto-shite ari-mashita.
(E): What had been painted? The door had.
how to use "na-i"
Case 1a
(K):
(J): Doa ga peinto-shite na-i deu.(*1)
(E): The door has not been painted.
Case 1b
(K):
(J): Doa ga peinto-shite na-katta desu.(*2)
(E): The door had not been painted.
(*1) Formally, "ari-masen( )" should be used instead of "na-i desu( )".
(*2) Formally, "ari-masen deshita( )" should be used instead of "na-katta desu( )".
how to use "shimau" (*1)
Case 1a
(K):
(J): Joshua ga doa 'o peinto-shite shimai-masu.
(E): Joshua ends by painting the door.
Case 1b
(K):
(J): Joshua ga doa 'o peinto-shite shimai-mashita.
(E): Joshua ended by painting the door.
Case 1c
(K):
(J): Joshua ga doa 'o peinto-shite shimai-masu ka? Hai, shite shimai-masu. Iie, shite shimai-masen.
(E): Does Joshua end by painting the door? Yes, he does. No, he doesn't.
Case 1d
(K):
(J): Joshua ga nani 'o peinto-shite shimai-mashita ka? Doa 'o peinto-shite shimai-mashita.
(E): What did Joshua end by painting? He ended by painting the door.
(*1) "Shimau" is used when unwilling events happen.
how to use "iku" and "kuru" (*1)
Case 1a
(K):
(J): Joshua ga resutoran 'o maneiji-shite iki-masu.
(E): Joshua goes on managing his restaurant.
Case 1b
(K):
(J): Joshua ga resutoran 'o maneiji-shite ki-mashita.
(E): Joshua went on managing his restaurant.
Case 1c
(K):
(J): Joshua ga resutoran 'o maneiji-shite iki-masu ka? Hai, shite iki-masu. Iie, shite iki-masen.
(E): Does Joshua go on managing his restaurant? Yes, he does. No, he doesn't.
Case 1d
(K):
(J): Joshua ga nani 'o maneiji-shite ki-mashita ka. Restoran 'o maneiji-shite ki-mashita.
(E): What did Joshua go on managing. He went on managing a restaurant.
(*1) "Iku" is used for the term from now to future, while "kuru" is used for the term from past to now.
The wills
how to use "miru"
Case 1a
(K):
(J): Joshua ga doa 'o peinto-shite mi-masu.
(E): Joshua tries painting the door.
Case 1b
(K):
(J): Joshua ga doa 'o peinto-shite mi-mashita.
(E): Joshua tried painting the door.
Case 1c
(K):
(J): Joshua ga doa 'o peinto-shite mi-masu ka? Hai, shite mi-masu. Iie, shite mi-masen.
(E): Does Joshua try painting the door? Yes, he does. No, he doesn't.
Case 1d
(K):
(J): Joshua ga nani 'o peinto-shite mi-mashita ka? Doa 'o peinto-shite mi-mashita.
(E): What did Joshua try painting? He tried painting the door.
how to use "oku"
Case 1a
(K):
(J): Joshua ga doa 'o peinto-shite oki-masu.
(E): Joshua leaves the door painted.
Case 1b
(K):
(J): Joshua ga doa 'o peinto-shite oki-mashita.
(E): Joshua left the door painted.
Case 1c
(K):
(J): Joshua ga doa 'o peinto-shite oki-masu ka? Hai, shite oki-masu. Iie, shite oki-masen.
(E): Does Joshua leave the door painted? Yes, he does. No, he doesn't.
Case 1d
(K):
(J): Joshua ga nani 'o peinto-shite oki-mashita ka? Doa 'o peinto-shite oki-mashita.
(E): What did Joshua leave painted? He left the door painted.
how to use "i-i" and "yo-i" (*1)
Case 1a
(K):
(J): Joshua ga doa 'o peinto-shite i-i desu.
(E): Joshua may paint the door.
Case 1b
(K):
(J): Joshua ga doa 'o peinto-shite yo-katta desu.
(E): Joshua may have painted the door.
Case 1c
(K):
(J): Joshua ga doa 'o peinto-shite i-i desu ka? Hai, shite i-i desu. Iie, shite yo-ku na-i desu.
(E): May Joshua paint the door? Yes, he may. No, he mustn't.
Case 1d
(K):
(J): Joshua ga nani 'o peinto-shite yo-katta desu ka? Doa 'o peinto-shite yo-katta desu.
(E): What may Joshua have painted? He may have painted the door.
(*1) "I-i" is used for the present tense, while "yo-i" is used for the past tense.
how to use "hoshi-i"
Case 1a
(K):
(J): Watashi 'wa Joshua ni doa 'o peinto-shite hoshi-i desu.
(E): I want Joshua to paint the door.
Case 1b
(K):
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